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  • Emotions and Motivation

    • Self-Efficacy

      By James E Maddux and Evan Kleiman
      The term “self-efficacy” refers to your beliefs about your ability to effectively perform the tasks needed to attain a valued goal. Self-efficacy does not refer to your abilities but to how strongly you believe you can use your abilities to w…
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  • Personality

    • Creativity

      By Dean Keith Simonton
      An idea or solution is considered creative if it is original, useful, and surprising. However, depending on who actually judges these three criteria, we must distinguish personal “little-c creativity” from consensual “Big-C Creativity.” In an…
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    • Gender

      By Christia Spears Brown, Jennifer A. Jewell, and Michelle J. Tam
      This module discusses gender and its related concepts, including sex, gender roles, gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexism. In addition, this module includes a discussion of differences that exist between males and females and how th…
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    • Personality Assessment

      By David Watson
      This module provides a basic overview to the assessment of personality. It discusses objective personality tests (based on both self-report and informant ratings), projective and implicit tests, and behavioral/performance measures. It describ…
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    • Personality Stability and Change

      By M. Brent Donnellan
      This module describes different ways to address questions about personality stability across the lifespan. Definitions of the major types of personality stability are provided, and evidence concerning the different kinds of stability and chan…
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    • Personality Traits

      By Edward Diener and Richard E. Lucas
      Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality traits imply consistency and stability—someone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociabl…
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    • The Psychodynamic Perspective

      By Robert Bornstein
      Originating in the work of Sigmund Freud, the psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we’re not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shap…
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    • Self and Identity

      By Dan P. McAdams
      For human beings, the self is what happens when “I” encounters “Me.” The central psychological question of selfhood, then, is this: How does a person apprehend and understand who he or she is? Over the past 100 years, psychologists have appr…
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    • Self-Regulation and Conscientiousness

      By Roy F. Baumeister
      Self-regulation means changing oneself based on standards, that is, ideas of how one should or should not be. It is a centrally important capacity that contributes to socially desirable behavior, including moral behavior. Effective self-regul…
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    • Intellectual Abilities, Interests, and Mastery

      By David Lubinski
      Psychologists interested in the study of human individuality have found that accomplishments in education, the world of work, and creativity are a joint function of talent, passion, and commitment — or how much effort and time one is wi…
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    • Self-Efficacy

      By James E Maddux and Evan Kleiman
      The term “self-efficacy” refers to your beliefs about your ability to effectively perform the tasks needed to attain a valued goal. Self-efficacy does not refer to your abilities but to how strongly you believe you can use your abilities to w…
      
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